Omosigho, A. A., Egbuta, O. U., Bamidele, A. G. "Deep-Level Workforce Diversity and Employee Satisfaction in Selected Deposit Money Banks in Lagos State, Nigeria" International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 133-142, 2024.
Deposit money banks play a vital role in the financial sector by mobilizing funds from savers and directing them towards profitable investments, thereby fostering economic development. Acknowledging the importance of employee satisfaction in bolstering organizational efficacy and customer service, efforts have been made to enhance it within the banking sector. Nonetheless, despite these efforts, there has been a discernible decrease in employee satisfaction. Consequently, it is crucial to analyze the impact of deep-level workforce diversity on employee satisfaction within specific deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. The population consisted of 4,871 employees of five selected deposit money banks in Lagos State, Nigeria. A sample size of 464 was determined using the research advisor’s sample size table. A structured and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients of constructs ranged from 0.70 to 0.94. A response rate of 78.9% was recorded. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential (multiple linear regression) statistics. The findings revealed that deep-level workforce diversity had a significant effect on employee satisfaction in selected deposit money banks in Lagos, Nigeria (Adj. R 2 = 0.262; F (4,361) = 33.465, p < 0.05). The study concluded that deep-level workforce diversity enhanced employee satisfaction in selected deposit money banks in Lagos, Nigeria. The study recommended that management should actively promote and embrace deep-level workforce diversity to enhance employee satisfaction among deposit money banks in Nigeria, fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace to improve overall employee performance.
[1] Abdalaziz, A. S. E., Azam, S. F., & Albattat, A. R. (2021). Organizational Commitment And Job Satisfaction Towards Employee Performance Among
Libyan Banks: Literature Review. Psychology and Education Journal, 58(4), 2373-2382.
[2] Abdelmoteleb, S. A. (2020). Work values and employee effort: A needs-supplies fit perspective. Revista de Psicologia Del Trabajo y de Las
Organizaciones, 36(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2020a2
[3] Abukhait, R., Shamsudin, F. M., Bani-Melhem, S., & Al-Hawari, M. A. (2023). Obsessive–compulsive personality and creative performance: The
moderating effect of manager coaching behavior. Review of Managerial Science, 17(1), 375–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00528-6
[4] Aburumman, O., Salleh, A., Omar, K., & Abadi, M. (2020). The impact of human resource management practices and career satisfaction on employee’s
turnover intention. Management Science Letters, 10(3), 641-652.
[5] Aggarwal, I., Schilpzand, M. C., Martins, L. L., WilliamsWoolley, A., & Molinaro, M. (2022). The benefits of cognitive style versatility for collaborative
work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(4), 647–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001035
[6] Ahmad, S., Islam, T., Sohal, A. S., Wolfram Cox, J., & Kaleem, A. (2021). Managing bullying in the workplace: A model of servant leadership, employee
resilience and proactive personality. Personnel Review, 50(7), 1613-1631. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-06-2020-0470
[7] Ahmed, S., Zulfiqar Ali Shah, S., & Ali Bhatti, A. (2020). Corporate governance, ownership structure and dividend smoothing: The mediating role of
family ownership and board diversity in emerging markets. European Research Studies Journal, 23(2), 1-16.
[8] Ali, F., Ullah, M., Ali, S. T., Yang, Z., & Ali, I. (2022). Board diversity and corporate investment decisions: evidence from China. SAGE Open, 12(2).
https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221104089
[9] Ali, M. S., & Ali Hasaballah, A. H. (2020). Assessing the effect of organizational cultural values and employees engagement on performance excellence.
International Journal of Management, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.4.2020.013
[10] Alkhemeiri, A. K., Khalid, K., & Musa, N. (2020). The role of career competencies and proactive personality in early-career employee career adaptability.
European Journal of Training and Development, 45(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-05-2020-0081
[11] Assefa, M., & Kassa, E. C. (2021). Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on Employees’ Job Satisfaction in Banking Sector. Abyssinia Journal
of Business and Social Sciences, 6(1), 36-46.
[12] Bakhsh, A. A. S. (2020). Diverse effects of employee personalities in the organization. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 79(1), 395-400.
[13] Barakat, S. R., Isabella, G., Boaventura, J. M. G., & Mazzon, J. A. (2016). The influence of corporate social responsibility on employee satisfaction.
Management Decision, 54(9), 2325-2339. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2016-0308
[14] Batarseh, F. S., Usher, J. M., & Daspit, J. J. (2017). Collaboration capability in virtual teams: Examining the influence on diversity and innovation.
International Journal of Innovation Management, 21(4), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919617500347
[15] Bayram, M., & Ünğan, M. C. (2020). The relationships between OHS prevention costs, OHSMS practices, employee satisfaction, OHS performance and
accident costs. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 31(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2018.1480897
[16] Bencsik, P., & Chuluun, T. (2021). Comparative well-being of the self-employed and paid employees in the USA. Small Business Economics, 56(1), 355-
384.
[17] Bernardelli, M., Korzeb, Z., Niedziółka, P., & Waliszewski, K. (2023). Channels for the impact of the war in Ukraine on the commercial banking sector
in Poland--first results of the study. Contemporary Economics, 17(2), 218-236.
[18] Bhardwaj, A., Mishra, S., & Jain, T. K. (2021). An analysis to understanding the job satisfaction of employees in banking industry. Materials Today:
Proceedings, 37, 170-174.
[19] Boubaker, S., Nguyen, N., Trinh, V. Q., & Vu, T. (2023). Market reaction to the Russian-Ukrainian war: A global analysis of the banking industry. Review
of Accounting and Finance, 22(1), 123-153.
[20] Calderón-Hernández, G., Jiménez-Zapata, Y. A., & Serna-Gomez, H. M. (2020). Barriers to university spin-off creation in an emerging context: An
institutional theory of organizations approach. Minerva, 58(4), 625-650.
[21] Campos-Blázquez, J. R., Morcillo, P., & Rubio-Andrada, L. (2020). Employee innovation using ideation contests: Seven-step process to align strategic
challenges with the innovation process. Research-Technology Management, 63(5), 20-28.
[22] Chi, W., & Chen, Y. (2021). Employee satisfaction and the cost of corporate borrowing. Finance Research Letters, 40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101666
[23] Darwish, N. A., & Bayyoud, M. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 on UK banks; how banks reshape consumer banking behaviour during
pandemic. COVID, 3(2), 131-143.
[24] De Bruin, L., Roberts-Lombard, M., & de Meyer-Heydenrych, C. (2021). The interrelationship between internal marketing, employee perceived quality
and customer satisfaction–a conventional banking perspective. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 187-196.
[25] De Bruin, L., Roberts-Lombard, M., & de Meyer-Heydenrych, C. (2021). The interrelationship between internal marketing, employee perceived quality
and customer satisfaction–a conventional banking perspective. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1872887.
[26] Edmans, A., Pu, D., Zhang, C., & Li, L. (2023). Employee satisfaction, labor market flexibility, and stock returns around the world. Management Science,
41(2), 384-410.
[27] Eikhof, D. R. (2020). COVID-19, inclusion and workforce diversity in the cultural economy: what now, what next?. Cultural Trends, 29(3), 234-250.
[28] Fauzi, A. A., & Sheng, M. L. (2022). The digitalization of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs): An institutional theory
perspective. Journal of Small Business Management, 60(6), 1288-1313.
[29] Fisher, D. M., Milane, C. R., Sullivan, S., & Tett, R. P. (2021). A critical examination of content validity evidence and personality testing for employee
selection. Public Personnel Management, 50(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026020935582
[30] Giltman, M. A., Pit, V. V., Batyreva, M. V., & Sumik, E. A. (2020). Which cities do we like to live in? Empirical analysis of employees’ attitude to cities.
Journal of the New Economic Association, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2020-45-1-4
[31] Gomathy, D. C. K. (2022). Effects of employee’s attitude to work on productivity. International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and
Management, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem11677
[32] Gridwichai, P., Kulwanich, A., Piromkam, B., & Kwanmuangvanich, P. (2020). Role of personality traits on employees job performance in pharmaceutical
industry in Thailand. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(3), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.5530/srp.2020.3.21
[33] Hasan, F., Al-Okaily, M., Choudhury, T., & Kayani, U. (2023). A comparative analysis between FinTech and traditional stock markets: Using Russia and
Ukraine war data. Electronic Commerce Research, 1(1), 1-26.
[34] Hyginus, O. O., Undie, U. P., & Mngutswen, L. H. (2021). Effects of mergers and acquisitions on employees morale in the Nigerian banking industry: A
study on access and Diamond Bank plc. Journal of Research in Science and Technology, 2(1), 1-10.
[35] Irfan, S., Amin, R., Khizar, U., & Saeed, W. (2021). The relationship between employee attitude toward change and organizational commitment: The
moderating role of psychological defense mechanisms. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 7(3), 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v7i3.1929
[36] Jakaria Khan, A. T. M., & Jahan, N. (2021). Impact of workforce diversity on employee’s perceived performance: A study on the banking sector of
Bangladesh. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: Administration and Management, 21(8), 21-26. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ebm.20210705.11
[37] Jean-Louis, G. (2021). Building a pipeline to increase academic workforce diversity to achieve health equity. Health Equity 5(1).
https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0091
[38] Jibril, I. A., & Yeşiltaş, M. (2022). Employee satisfaction, talent management practices and sustainable competitive advantage in the northern Cyprus
hotel industry. Sustainability, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127082
[39] Johnson, T. P., & Wislar, J. S. (2012). Response rates and nonresponse errors in surveys. Jama, 307(17), 1805-1806.
[40] Khassawneh, O., & Elrehail, H. (2022). The effect of participative leadership style on employees’ performance: the contingent role of institutional
theory. Administrative Sciences, 12(4), 195-208.
[41] Kurdi, B., Alshurideh, M., & Alnaser, A. (2020). The impact of employee satisfaction on customer satisfaction: Theoretical and empirical
underpinning. Management Science Letters, 10(15), 3561-3570.
[42] Lee, H. W., & Kim, E. (2020). Workforce diversity and firm performance: Relational coordination as a mediator and structural empowerment and
multisource feedback as moderators. Human Resource Management, 59(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21970
[43] Liu, M. S., & Liu, N. C. (2020). Impact of human capital strategies on employee attitudes and behavior: a view of internal and external labor markets.
International Journal of Manpower, 42(5). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM0620190280
[44] Makhdoomi, U. M., & Nika, F. A. (2018). Workforce diversity and organizational performance-A review. International Journal of Enhanced Research
in Management & Computer Applications, 7(3), 571-576.
[45] Martín-Santana, J. D., Cabrera-Suárez, M. K., & Déniz-Déniz, M. de la C. (2021). Donor orientation and employee attitudes and behavior in Spanish
blood transfusion centers and services. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09806-0
[46] Mattes, M. D., Deville Jr, C., Vega, R. B. M., Fung, C. Y., Suneja, G., Shumway, J. W., & Royce, T. J. (2022). Demographics of ASTRO student members
and potential implications for future US radiation oncology workforce diversity. Advances in Radiation Oncology, 7(2), 108-134.
[47] Muda, V., Opoku, O. A., Anim, J., & Opoku-Dadzie, I. (2022). The effect of job satisfaction on staff retention and attrition at GCB bank plc in upper east
region of Ghana. Journal of Corporate Finance Management and Banking System (JCFMBS) ISSN, 2799-1059.
[48] Mugenda, O. M., & Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative & qualitative apporaches (Vol. 2, No. 2). Nairobi: Acts Press.
[49] Mushtaque, T., Jadoon, I. A., Idrees, R. N., Imran, A., & Rehman, Z. (2021). Workforce diversity and employee performance: a case of commercial banks
in Pakistan. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.932
[50] Nübold, A., & Hülsheger, U. R. (2021). Personality states mediate the effect of a mindfulness intervention on employees’ work outcomes: A randomized
controlled trial. European Journal of Personality, 35(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070211012915
[51] Obamiro, J. K., Kumolu-Johnson, B. O., & Ngwamaj, J. C. (2019). Workforce diversity and employees’ performance: evidence from a Nigerian
bank. International Journal of Economic Behavior (IJEB), 9(1), 13-26.
[52] Obamiro, J. K., Kumolu-Johnson, B. O., & Ngwamaj, J. C. (2019). Workforce diversity and employees’ performance: evidence from a Nigerian
bank. International Journal of Economic Behavior (IJEB), 9(1), 13-26.
[53] Omotayo, O., Anthonia, A., Hezekiah, F., Odunayo, S., Opeyemi, O., & Odion, E. I. (2020). Diversity management and organizational performance in
deposit money banks in Nigeria. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 183-195.
[54] Opoku, E. O., Hongqin, C., & Aram, S. A. (2022). The influence of organizational culture on employee performance in the banking sector: Evidence from
GCB Bank, Ghana. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(2), 168-175.
[55] Palos-Sanchez, P. R., Baena-Luna, P., & Silva-O’Connor, D. (2022). Exploring employees’ beliefs regarding the potential benefits of virtual worlds for
group cohesion: Gather town. Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14308-7
[56] Pea-Assounga, J. B. B., & Wu, M. (2022). Internet banking and bank investment decision: mediating role of customer satisfaction and employee
satisfaction. In Intelligent Computing & Optimization: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Optimization 2021
(ICO2021) 3 (pp. 314-330). Springer International Publishing.
[57] Phungula, N., Dhanpat, N., & Braine, R. D. (2022). The effect of employee value proposition on normative commitment. EUREKA: Social and Humanities,
2. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2022.002322
[58] Rana, T., Ahmed, Z. U., Narayan, A., & Zheng, M. (2021). An institutional theory perspective on public sector reform and service performance reporting
by New Zealand universities. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 18(3), 461-484.
[59] Risi, D., Vigneau, L., Bohn, S., & Wickert, C. (2023). Institutional theory‐based research on corporate social responsibility: Bringing values back
in. International Journal of Management Reviews, 25(1), 3-23.
[60] Rounak, S., & Misra, R. K. (2020). Employee value proposition: An analysis of organizational factors - the way to enhance value perception. Development
and Learning in Organizations, 34(6). https://doi.org/10.1108/DLO-09-2019-0216
[61] Schoss, S., Urbig, D., Brettel, M., & Mauer, R. (2022). Deep-level diversity in entrepreneurial teams and the mediating role of conflicts on team efficacy
and satisfaction. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 18(3), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00654-1
[62] Schoss, S., Urbig, D., Brettel, M., & Mauer, R. (2022). Deep-level diversity in entrepreneurial teams and the mediating role of conflicts on team efficacy
and satisfaction. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 18(3), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00654-1
[63] Schreier, C., Udomkit, N., & Capone, R. (2019). A study on competencies for managing workforce diversity: Evidences from multi-national enterprises
in Switzerland. ABAC Journal, 39(3), 1-16.
[64] Scott, C. L. (2018). Historical perspectives for studying diversity in the workforce. Diversity in the Workforce, 3-27. Routledge.
[65] Seliverstova, Y. (2021). Workforce diversity management: A systematic literature review. Strategic Management, 26(2).
https://doi.org/10.5937/straman2102003s
[66] Seliverstova, Y. (2021). Workforce diversity management: A systematic literature review. Strategic Management, 26(2).
https://doi.org/10.5937/straman2102003s
[67] Shafique, O., & Ahmad, B. S. (2022). Impact of corporate social responsibility on the financial performance of banks in Pakistan: Serial mediation of
employee satisfaction and employee loyalty. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(3), e2397.
[68] Shahreki, J., Ganesan, J., Raman, K., Chin, A. L. L., & Chin, T. S. (2019). The effect of human resource information system application on employee
satisfaction and turnover intention. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.7.247
[69] Shrestha, E., Devkota, N., Paudel, U. R., & Parajuli, S. (2021). Post-merger employee satisfaction in commercial banks of Nepal: Findings from employee
satisfaction index. Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research, 6(1), 45-62.
[70] Stevens, I., Joyce, M. A., Lasaosa, A., & Tong, M. (2020). The financial market impact of quantitative easing in the United Kingdom. 26th issue of the
International Journal of Central Banking, 1(6), 41-53.
[71] Stokes, N., & Arendt, S. W. (2018). School foodservice employees’ beliefs about local produce use at work and home. Journal of Foodservice Business
Research, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/15378020.2017.1399779
[72] Tiwari, R. S., & Kumar, S. (2022). Impact of Russia Ukraine war on returns of banking stocks in India. YMER, 21(11), 843-850.
[73] Triana, M. D. C., Kim, K., Byun, S. Y., Delgado, D. M., & Arthur, W. (2021). The relationship between team deep-level diversity and team performance:
A meta-analysis of the main effect, moderators, and mediating mechanisms. Journal of Management Studies, 58(8). https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12670
[74] Voordt, T. V. D., & Jensen, P. A. (2023). The impact of healthy workplaces on employee satisfaction, productivity and costs. Journal of Corporate Real
Estate, 25(1), 29-49.
[75] Xiaoyan, S., Jun, S., & Haiying, T. (2021). The intergenerational differences in employee-organization values fit and their impacts on challenging
organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 35(5).
https://doi.org/10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2021.05.003
[76] Yovav, E., & Harpaz, I. (2021). Outstanding employees performance: Personality traits, innovation and knowledge management. Proceedings of the
Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2021.611
[77] Zhang, A., Li, X., & Guo, Y. (2021). Proactive personality and employee creativity: a moderated mediation model of multisource information exchange
and LMX. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.552581
Deep-level workforce diversity, Employee Satisfaction, Employee value, Employee belief, Employee work quality.