Maghfira Arsyfa Ganivy, Erna Setiany. "The Influence of Board Diversity, Profitability and Leverage on Profit Management" International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 195-201, 2024.
The purpose of this study is to ascertain how debt, profitability, and board diversity affect earnings management. Non-cyclical consumer enterprises listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2016 and 2020 made up the study's population. Purposive sampling was used in the study's group identification process, yielding 200 data points overall from a sample of 40 organizations. Data analysis was performed by panel data regression using EViews 12. Board diversity was measured by gender, age, educational background and tenure of board members. Meanwhile, profitability is proxied by ROA, Leverage is proxied by DAR, and earnings management is proxied by the discretionary accrual model modified by Jones. The results showed that board diversity had no effect on earnings management. Profitability and leverage had a positive effect on earnings management.
[1] A, S. S. B., & Fuad. (2019). Pengaruh Corporate Governance , Arus Kas Bebas Dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Manajemen Laba. 8, 1–13.
[2] Abbasi, E. (2017). The Effect of the Characteristics of Board of Directors on Real Earnings Management. 2(6), 57–69.
[3] Al Azeez, H. A. R., Sukoharsono, E. G., Roekhudin, & Andayani, W. (2019). The impact of board characteristics on earnings management in the
international Oil and Gas Corporations. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 23(1).
[4] Alexander, N., & Hengky, H. (2017). Factors Affecting Earnings Management in the Indonesian Stock Exchange. GATR Journal of Finance and
Banking Review, 2(2), 08–14. https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2017.2.2(2).
[5] Aliani, K., & Zarai, M. A. (2012). Demographic Diversity in the Board and Corporate Tax Planning in American Firms. April 2020.
https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v3i1.1851.
[6] Aminu Isa, M., & Adeiza Farouk, M. (2018). The Moderating Effect of Audit Committee on the Relationship between Board Diversity and Earnings
Management of Banks in Nigeria. International Review of Financial Analysis, 02(01), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.22067/ijaaf.v2i1.68363.
[7] Arioglu, E. (2020). The affiliations and characteristics of female directors and earnings management : evidence from Turkey.
https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-07-2019-2364.
[8] Arun, T. G., Almahrog, Y. E., & Ali Aribi, Z. (2015). Female directors and earnings management: Evidence from UK companies. International Review
of Financial Analysis, 39, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2015.03.002.
[9] Attia, M. B. R., Lassoued, N., & Attia, A. (2016). Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies Political costs and earnings management : Evidence
from Tunisia.
[10] Baatwah, S. R., Al-Qadasi, A. A., & Al-Ebel, A. M. (2020). Religiosity at the top: does it interact with accounting expertise to limit real earnings
management? Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(9), 1343–1377. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-12-2019-2521.
[11] Baatwah, S. R., Salleh, Z., & Ahmad, N. (2015). CEO characteristics and audit report timeliness: do CEO tenure and financial expertise matter?
Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(8–9), 998–1022. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-09-2014-1097.
[12] Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Perempuan sebagai Tenaga Profesional (Persen), 2019-2020. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/40/466/1/perempuan-
sebagai-tenaga-profesional.html.
[13] Bala, H., & Kumai, G. B. (2015). Board Characteristics and Earnings Management of Listed. European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance
Research, 3(8), 25–41.
[14] Bursa Efek Indonesia. (2021). Peluncuran Indeks Sektoral IDX-IC (IDX Industrial Classification) No.: Peng-00012/BEI.POP/01-2021.
[15] Cella, C., A., E., & G., N. (2017). Learning through a Smokescreen : Earnings Management and CEO Compensation over Tenure School of Economics.
Kelley School of Business Research Paper, 15–18.
[16] Cho, H., Choi, S., & Kwon, D. (2019). Employee tenure and earnings management through real activities manipulation. Asia-Pacific Journal of
Accounting & Economics, 00(00), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2019.1694953.
[17] Chou, Y., & Chan, M. (2018). The Impact of CEO Characteristics on Real Earnings Management : Evidence from the US Banking Industry. 8(2), 17–44.
[18] CNBC Indonesia. (2019). Laporan Laba Janggal, OJK Minta BEI Periksa Manajemen Garuda. CNBC Indonesia.
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20190502201304-17-70218/laporan-laba-janggal-ojk-minta-bei-periksa-manajemen-garuda.
[19] CNBC Indonesia. (2020). Kacau! BPK Sebut Jiwasraya Manipulasi Laba. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20200108162637-17-128611/kacau-
bpk-sebut-jiwasraya-manipulasi-laba.
[20] Corelli, A. (2018). Analytical Corporate Finance (2nd ed.). Springer.
[21] Cullinan, C., Bline, D., Farrar, R., & Lowe, D. (2008). Organization-harm vs. organization-gain ethical issues: An exploratory examination of the effects
of organizational commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(2), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9414-4.
[22] Dang, T. L., Dang, M., Le, P. D., Nguyen, H. N., Nguyen, Q. M. N., & Henry, D. (2018). Does earnings management matter for firm leverage? An
international analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2018.1540938.
[23] Dechow, P., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. (1995). Detecting earnings management. The Accounting Review, 70, 193–225.
[24] Dwiharyadi Politeknik Negeri Padang, A. (2017). Pengaruh Keahlian Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Komite Audit Dan Dewan Komisaris Terhadap
Manajemen Laba (The Impact of Accounting and Finance Expertise of Audit Committee and Board of Commissioner on Earnings Management). Jurnal
Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Indonesia, 14(1), 75–93. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/178723-ID-pengaruh-keahlian-akuntansi-dan-
keuangan.pdf.
[25] Enofe, Iyafekha, & Eniola. (2017). International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management Board Ethnicity, Gender Diversity And Earnings
Management: Evidence From Quoted Firms In Nigeria. V(6), 78–90. http://ijecm.co.uk/.
[26] Eriandani, R. (2021). CEO Characteristics And Earnings Management : Evidence From Indonesia. 20(2), 51–63.
[27] Fahmi, I. (2017). Analisis Laporan Keuangan. Alfabeta.
[28] Fandriani, V. (2019). Pengaruh Profitabilitas , Leverage , Ukuran Perusahaan , Dan Kualitas Audit Terhadap Manajemen Laba. I(2), 505–514.
[29] Fatimah, D. (2019). Pengaruh Board Diversity terhadap Manajemen Laba. 4(2), 223–233.
[30] Flores, E., Farah, E., Weffort, J., Fernandes, A., & Carvalho, L. N. G. (2016). Earnings management and macroeconomic crises Evidences from Brazil
and USA capital markets.
[31] Giroux, G. (2019). Accounting fraud, second edition : Maneuvering and manipulation, past and present. (Second, Issue 2013). Business Expert Press.
[32] Gitman, L. ., & Zutter, C. . (2015). Principles of Managerial Finance 14th Edition.
[33] Gounopoulos, D., & Pham, H. (2018). Financial Expert CEOs and Earnings Management Around Initial Public Offerings. International Journal of
Accounting, 53(2), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2018.04.002.
[34] Gull, A. A., Nekhili, M., Nagati, H., & Chtioui, T. (2018). Beyond gender diversity: How specific attributes of female directors affect earnings
management. British Accounting Review, 50(3), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2017.09.001.
[35] Harris, O., Karl, J. B., & Lawrence, E. (2019). CEO compensation and earnings management: Does gender really matter? Journal of Business Research,
98(January), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.013.
[36] Hasty, A. D., & Herawaty, V. (2017). Pengaruh Struktur Kepemilikan, Leverage, Profitabilitas Dan Kebijakan Dividen Terhadap Manajemen Laba
Dengan Kualitas Audit Sebagai Variabel Moderasi. Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing & Informasi, 17(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v17i1.2023.
[37] Herawaty, V., & Solihah, D. (2019). The Effect Of CEO Tenure, Managerial Skills And Earning Power On Earnings Manipulation With Corporate
Governance As A Moderating Variable On Manufacturing Companies In Indonesia. 23(1), 2635.
[38] Hery. (2017). Analisis Kinerja Manajemen. PT Grasindo.
[39] Hoang, K., & Vinh, K. N. (2018). Audit Quality, Firm Characteristics and Real Earnings Management : The Case of Listed Vietnamese Firms. July 2019.
[40] Houle, C. O. (1990). Who should be on your board. Nonprofit World, 8(1), 33-35.
[41] Hu, N., Huang, R., Li, X., & Liu, L. (2017). The impact of CEOs’ accounting backgrounds on earnings management and conservatism. Journal of
Centrum Cathedra, 10(1), 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcc-10-2016-0016.
[42] Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial
Economics, 3(4), 305–360.
[43] K. R.Subramanyam. (2017). Analisis Laporan Keuangan (Financial statement analysis) (11th Editi). Salemba Empat.
[44] Kasmir. (2018). Analisis Laporan Keuangan (Edisi Revi). Raja Grafindo Persada.
[45] Kesner, I. F. (1988). Directors ’ Characteristics And Committee Membership : An Investigation Of Type, Occupation, Tenure, And Gender. 31(1), 66–84.
[46] Kieso, Donald E., Weygandt, Jerry J., T. D. W. (2019). Intermediate Accounting (17e ed.). Wiley.
https://books.google.co.id/books?id=aaCqDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.
[47] Kompas. (2020). Jejak Hitam PT Hanson International, Manipulasi Laporan Keuangan 2016. Kompas.Com.
https://money.kompas.com/read/2020/01/15/160600526/jejak-hitam-pt-hanson-international-manipulasi-laporan-keuangan-2016?page=all.
[48] Lazzem, S., & Jilani, F. (2018). The impact of leverage on accrual-based earnings management: The case of listed French firms. Research in
International Business and Finance, 44, 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.103.
[49] Liputan 6. (2015). Skandal Terungkap, CEO Toshiba Mundur. Liputan 6. https://www.liputan6.com/saham/read/2277114/skandal-terungkap-ceo-
toshiba-mundur.
[50] Liu, Y., Jiang, W., & Zhou, L. (2016). A Study on the background of senior auditors, the quality of accounting information and audit fees: Based on
experience data of A-share manufacturing companies. Journal of Nanjing Audit University, 75–86.
[51] Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A Review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment.
Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.171.
[52] Na, K., & Hong, J. (2017). CEO gender and earnings management. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(2), 297–308.
https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i2.9902.
[53] Nuanpradit, S., & Halim, E. (n.d.). Real earnings management in Thailand : CEO duality and serviced early years Real earnings management in
Thailand : CEO duality and serviced early years. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-08-2018-0133.
[54] Nurhaliza, S. (2021). Anjlok Paling Dalam, Saham Sektor Consumer Non-Cyclical Turun Hingga 11,29 persen. IDX Channel.
https://www.idxchannel.com/market-news/anjlok-paling-dalam-saham-sektor-consumer-non-cyclical-turun-hingga-1129-persen.
[55] Olivia, T., & Setiany, E. (2021). Characteristics of Top Management, Good Corporate Governance, and Earnings Quality ( A Study of State-Owned
Entreprises in Indonesia 2016- 2018 ). 6663, 135–145. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjbms.2021.v06i04.004.
[56] Osemene, O. F., Adeyele, J. S., & Adinnu, P. (2018). The Impact of the Ownership Structure and Board Characteristics on Earnings Management in
Nigeria’s Listed Deposit Money Banks. 20(3), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonhor1803215O.
[57] Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making : An experimental analysis. 18.
[58] Priscilla, M., & Siregar, S. V. (2020). The Effect of Top Management Team Expertise on Corporate’s Accrual and Real Earnings Management. 27, 79–
101. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1571-038620200000027007.
[59] Putri, E. A., & Rusmanto, T. (2019). The Impact of CEO Characteristics on Earnings Per Share and Earnings Management. 8(10).
[60] Putri, N. G., & NR, E. (2019). Pengaruh Keahlian Akuntansi Komite Audit Dan Dewan Komisaris Wanita Terhadap Manajemen Laba (Studi Empiris
Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2015-2017). Jurnal Eksplorasi Akuntansi, 1(3), 1051–1067.
[61] Qawasmeh, S. Y., & Azzam, M. J. (2020). CEO characteristics and earnings management. Accounting, 6(7), 1403–1410.
https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2020.8.009.
[62] Qi, B., Lin, J. W., Tian, G., & Lewis, H. C. X. (2018). The impact of top management team characteristics on the choice of earnings management
strategies: Evidence from China. Accounting Horizons, 32(1), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-51938.
[63] Sanad, Z., Kukreja, D. G., & Shiwakotir, R. S. (2020). The Relationship Between Board Diversity and Earnings Management Practices: Literature
Review. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3659005.
[64] Sari, D., & Noorkhaista, E. (2017). AKRUAL : Jurnal Akuntansi Kinerja Modal Intelektual , Keragaman Gender Dan Keragaman. Akrual: Jurnal
Akuntansi, 9(1), 1–19.
[65] Scott, W. R. (2015). Financial Accounting Theory (7th ed.). Pearson.
[66] Setiany, E., Suhardjanto, D., Lukviarman, N., & Hartoko, S. (2017). Board Independence, Voluntary Disclosure, And The Cost Of Equity Capital.
Review Of Integrative Business And Economics Research, 6(4), 389–399. Https://Repository.Feb.Uns.Ac.Id/Dok/Publikasi/1024.Pdf
[67] Setiawan, D. (2018). Karakteristik dewan komisaris dan manajemen laba : Bukti pada peristiwa penawaran saham perdana Pendahuluan. 22(2), 164–
181. https://doi.org/10.20885/jsb.vol22.iss2.art4.
[68] Setyaningrum, G. C., Sekarsari, P. S. S., & Damayanti, T. W. (2019). Pengaruh Eksekutif Wanita (Female Executive) Terhadap Manajemen Laba. Jurnal
Ekonomi Dan Perbankan, 4(1), 98–110. http://e-journal.stie-aub.ac.id/index.php/probank.
[69] Stice, Earl K., James D. Stice, and K. F. S. (2004). Akuntansi Intermediate (15th ed.). Salemba Empat.
[70] Sulistyanto, S. (2018). Manajemen Laba Teori dan Model Empiris. Kompas Gramedia.
[71] Taleatu, T. A., Adetula, D. T., & Iyoha, F. O. (2020). Effect of upper echelons’ demographic characteristics on earnings management in troubled non-
listed companies in Nigeria. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2020.1780839.
[72] Thakur, K., Singh, J., & Kaur, P. (2017). A study of spirituality at work and organizational commitment of university teachers. Pertanika Journal of
Social Sciences and Humanities, 25(4), 1501–1514.
[73] Utami, W., Nugroho, L., Yelvionita, V., Buana, U. M., & Barat, J. (2020). Asian Economic And Financial Review Early Warning Industries Fraud
Determinants In Keyword S. 10(6), 604–627. Https://Doi.Org/10.18488/Journal.Aefr.2020.106.604.627
[74] Triki Damak, S. (2018). Gender diverse board and earnings management: evidence from French listed companies. Sustainability Accounting,
Management and Policy Journal, 9(3), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-08-2017-0088.
[75] Wang, L. (2017). Relationship between the Management Characteristics and Earnings Management in Chinese Listed Companies. International Journal
of Social Science and Humanity, 7(2), 128–133. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijssh.2017.v7.807.
[76] Watts, R. L., & Zimmerman, J. L. (1986). Positive accounting theory.
[77] Xiong, J. (2016). Chairman Characteristics and Earnings Management: Evidence from Chinese Listed Firms. Open Journal of Accounting, 05(04), 82–
94. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojacct.2016.54008.
[78] Yamaguchi, T. (2020). Earnings management to achieve industry-average profitability in Japan. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics,
00(00), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.1726188.
[79] Zouari, Z., Lakhal, F., & Nekhili, M. (2015). Do CEO’s Characteristics Affect Earnings Management? Evidence from France. SSRN Electronic Journal,
August. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2082009.
[80] Zwageri, A. (2020). Pengaruh Karakteristik Tim Manajemen Puncak Terhadap Manajemen Laba Dengan Kualitas Audit Sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi.
3(2), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.22219/jaa.v3i2.11987
Earnings Management, Gender, Age, Educational Background, Tenure, Roa, Leverage.