Citation:

Yupiter Gulo, Fistie Artamevia Ardiansyah. "Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Factors Influencing Turnover Intention" International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 294-310, 2025.

Abstract:

This study examines the mediating role of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the relationship between employee empowerment, perceived organizational support, ethical climate, and turnover intention. The research adopts a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected through questionnaires from 180 employees selected using simple random sampling from various companies in Indonesia. The data were analyzed using statistical methods with SmartPLS 4.0. The novelty of this research lies in its in-depth exploration of the mediating role in the relationship between these factors and turnover intention, which has not been the primary focus of previous studies. The analysis results indicate that the mediating role of job satisfaction significantly mediates the influence of employee empowerment and perceived organizational support, while job satisfaction does not significantly mediate the influence of ethical climate on organizational commitment and turnover intention. Furthermore, the mediating role of organizational commitment does not significantly mediate the influence of the three variables on turnover intention. Meanwhile, employee empowerment and perceived organizational support have an influence, whereas ethical climate does not influence turnover intention and job satisfaction. Additionally, perceived organizational support influences organizational commitment, while employee empowerment and ethical climate do not. Moreover, job satisfaction influences organizational commitment. Finally, both job satisfaction and organizational commitment influence turnover intention.

References:

[1] Abadiga, M., Nemera, G., Hailu, E., & Mosisa, G. (2019). Relationship between nurses’ perception of ethical climates and job satisfaction in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Oromia region, south west Ethiopia. BMC Nursing, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-019-0365-8
[2] Abdullahi, M. S., Adams, A., Marina, A., Muhammad, S. N., Waqas, A., & Zainab, L. G. (2024). Antecedents of employee performance through perceived organizational support: a moderating role of job satisfaction among employees of SMEs in an emerging economy. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2051–6614. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-01-2023-0014
[3] Akgunduz, Y., & Sanli, S. C. (2017). Employee advocacy and perceived organizational support affect job embeddedness and turnover intention in hotels. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.12.002
[4] Akmal, Azliyanti, E., & Rosha, Z. (2024). Does Organizational Commitment, Ethical Leadership And Ethical Climate Affect Deviant Behavior In The Workplace? Jurnal Ekonomika Dan Bisnis (JEBS, 4(4), 2024. https://doi.org/10.47233/jebs.v4i4.1779
[5] Albalawi, A. S., Naugton, S., Elayan, M. B., & Sleimi, M. T. (2019). Perceived Organizational Support, Alternative Job Opportunity, Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention: A Moderated-mediated Model. Organizacija, 52(4), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.2478/orga-2019- 0019
[6] Ali, A., Jianping, H., Ali, Z., & Zhongbin, L. (2017). The Effects of Empowerment, Training, and Teamwork on Employee Job Satisfaction: Case of the Agricultural Manufacturing Sector in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 95, 32–39.
[7] AlKahtani, N. S., Iqbal, S., Sohail, M., Sheraz, F., Jahan, S., Anwar, B., & Haider, S. A. (2021). Impact of employee empowerment on organizational commitment through job satisfaction in four and five stars hotel industry. Management Science Letters, 813–822. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.10.022
[8] Andika, R., & Darmanto, S. (2020). THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION ON ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE. JURNAL APLIKASI MANAJEMEN, 18(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2020.018.02.04
[9] Asgari, S., Shafipour, V., Taraghi, Z., & Yazdani-Charati, J. (2019). Relationship between moral distress and ethical climate with job satisfaction in nurses. Nursing Ethics, 26(2), 346–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733017712083
[10] Astiti, M. W., & Surya, I. B. K. (2020). The Role of Organizational Commitments in Mediating the Effect of Work Motivation and Job Satisfaction towards Turnover Intention on Nurses Private Hospital. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 8(1), 25–4. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v8n1.1101
[11] Ayuningtias, H. G., Shabrina, D. N., Prasetio, A. P., & Sri, R. (2019). The Effect of Perceived Organizational Support and Job Satisfaction. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, 65, 691–696.
[12] Bachri, F., & Solekah, N. A. (2021). Organizational Commitment as Mediating Variable of Employee Job Satisfaction Toward Turnover Intentions. Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis Dan Manajemen Indonesia, 4(2), 152–161.
[13] Bardono, S. (2022, October 4). Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Masih Didominasi Pekerja Berkeahlian Rendah. Www.Tinemu.Com. https://www.tinemu.com/temu-warta/pr-3175018515/tenaga-kerja-indonesia-masih-didominasi-pekerja-berkeahlian-rendah
[14] Bashir, B., & Gani, A. (2020). Testing the effects of job satisfaction on organizational commitment. Journal of Management Development, 39(4), 525– 542. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-07-2018-0210
[15] Berber, N., Dimitrije, G. ́, Ivana, K. ́, & Jelena, B. (2022). The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction in the Relationship between FWAs and Turnover Intentions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084502
[16] Brata, I. K. B. S. S., & Wibawa, I. M. A. (2021). Organizational Commitment Mediates The Effect of Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention. International Journal of Economics and Management Studies, 8(8), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.14445/23939125/ijems-v8i8p107
[17] Cheng, P. Y., Yang, J. Te, Wan, C. S., & Chu, M. C. (2013). Ethical contexts and employee job responses in the hotel industry: The roles of work values and perceived organizational support. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34(1), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.03.007
[18] Chinomona, E., Popoola, B. A., & Imuezerua, E. (2017). The influence of employee empowerment, ethical climate, organisational support and top management commitment on employee job satisfaction. A case of companies in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i1.9865
[19] Davaasuren, G., Altanchimeg, Z., Enkhjin, G., & Erdenebat, B. (2024). Association between Perceived Organizational Support, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention. European Journal of Business and Management, 16(3), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/16-3-15
[20] Dewi, I. G. A. P., Fadah, I., & Fitria, N. (2024). Mediation of Organizational Commitment: The Relationship Between Employee Empowerment and Employee Performance. 7(10), 6585–6591. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v7
[21] Donald, M. F., Hlanganipai, N., & Richard, S. (2016). The relationship between perceived organizational support and organizational commitment among academics: The mediating effect of job satisfaction. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 13(3), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3-1).2016.13
[22] Firmansyah, A., I, W. R. J., Anang, K., & Misbahuddin, A. (2022). The effect of perceived organizational support on organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment in public health centers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938815
[23] Ghasempour, S. F. G., Johnson, L. W., Sorkhan, V. B., & Banejad, B. (2021). The Effect of Employee Empowerment, Organizational Support, and Ethical Climate on Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 14(2), 311–329. https://doi.org/10.22059/IJMS.2020.302333.674066
[24] Gülay, Ö., & Salih, G. (2023). The Effect of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment: A Research. The International Journal of Business & Management, 11(9), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.24940/theijbm/2023/v11/i9/bm2309-009
[25] Hakim, A. L., Sudarmiatin, & Sutrisno. (2018). The Effect of Work Stress on Turnover Intention with Work Satisfaction and Commitment as Intervening Variable (Study at PT Infomedia Solusi Humanika in Malang). European Journal of Business and Management Www.Iiste.Org ISSN, 10(12). www.iiste.org
[26] Hanaysha, J. (2016). Examining the Effects of Employee Empowerment, Teamwork, and Employee Training on Organizational Commitment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229, 298–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.140
[27] Handayani, R., Faslah, R., & Amirul Adha, M. (2024). THE IMPACT OF WORK-LIFE BALANCE ON TURNOVER INTENTIONS: EXPLORING THE MEDIATING ROLE OF JOB SATISFACTION. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi, Perkantoran, Dan Akuntansi, 5(2), 351–365.
[28] Hasan, A., Shala, N., & Muhammad, M. (2018). The Relationship among Perceived Organizational Support, Trust, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention: A Study of Banking Sector in Pakistan. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 8(4), 227. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v8i4.13686
[29] Hidayat, I., Arafah, W., & Kusnadi. (2024). The Influence of Ethical Climate, Strategic Change Management and Transactional Leadership on Organizational Performance Secretariat General of The National Resilience Council Mediated by Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Scientific and Management Research, 07(06), 08–19. https://doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2024.7602
[30] Hilal, I. (2023). IMPACT OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT, EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT, AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT ON TURNOVER INTENTION IN THE LEBANESE SMEs SECTOR: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT. BAU Journal - Society, Culture and Human Behavior, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.54729/2789-8296.1147
[31] Hung, Y. C., Tsai, T. Y., & Wu, Y. F. (2015). The effects of ethical work climate on organizational commitment in Taiwanese Military units. Chinese Management Studies, 9(4), 664–680. https://doi.org/10.1108/CMS-09-2014-0172
[32] Idris, A., See, D., & Coughlan, P. (2018). Employee empowerment and job satisfaction in urban Malaysia: Connecting the dots with context and organizational change management. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(3), 697–711. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-04-2017-0155
[33] Istiningdyah, R., & Gunawan, A. W. (2022). The Effect of Employee Empowerment and Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention with Organizational Commmitment as Intervening in the Land Office in DKI Jakarta Province. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal, 3, 20293– 20304. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v5i3.6047
[34] Javed, M., Balouch, R., & Hassan, F. (2014). Determinants of Job Satisfaction and its impact on Employee performance and turnover intentions. International Journal of Learning and Development, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v4i2.6094
[35] Jehanzeb, K. (2020). Does perceive organizational support and employee development influence organizational citizenship behavior?: Person– organization fit as moderator. European Journal of Training and Development, 44(6–7), 637–657. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-02-2020-0032
[36] Kadek, A. S. A. N., Gede, P. K. I., & Yudy, W. P. (2018). THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN MEDIATING THE EFFECT OF JOB SATISFACTION ON EMPLOYEE’S INTENTION TO QUIT. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management United Kingdom, 6(12). http://ijecm.co.uk/
[37] Khalid, N., Afridi, S. A., Haider, M., & Batool, S. (2018). Test of Mediating Effect of Employees’ Commitment between the Link of Employees’ Empowerment and Employees’ Turnover Intentions: A Study of Private Higher Educational Institutions. Journal of Business and Tourism, 4(1), 13–25.
[38] Kim, S. Y., & Fernandez, S. (2017). Employee Empowerment and Turnover Intention in the U.S. Federal Bureaucracy. American Review of Public Administration, 47(1), 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074015583712
[39] Köroğlu, Ö., Akkoç, İ., Turunç, Ö., Çalışkan, A., Akbaş, M. Ç., Karayalçın, C., Gürsel, G., & Akbaş, H. (2024). The Effect of Organizational Ethical Climate on Job Satisfaction among Nurses: The Mediating Role of Trust in Colleagues. Sustainability, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104179
[40] Ladao, L., Jean, P. L., Jake, A. B., Joyce, B., & Jassel, M. D. (2022). The Mediating Effect of Perceived Organizational Support on the Relationship between Authentic Leadership and Turnover Intention. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 22(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.59588/2350-8329.1438
[41] Ladelsky, L. K., & Thomas, W. L. (2023). Effect of risky decision-making and job satisfaction on turnover intention and turnover behavior among information technology employees. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(7), 3553–3581. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2022-3465
[42] Le, H., Joohan, L., Ingrid, N., & Thi, L. A. N. (2023). Turnover intentions: the roles of job satisfaction and family support. Personnel Review, 52(9), 2209–2228. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-08-2021-0582
[43] Lee, M., & Boyoung, K. (2023). Effect of the Employees’ Mental Toughness on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: Mediating Psychological Well-Being. Administrative Sciences, 13(5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13050133
[44] Lee, M., & Kim, B. (2023). Effect of Employee Experience on Organizational Commitment: Case of South Korea. Behavioral Sciences, 13(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13070521
[45] Lee, S. H., & Brookshire, J. H. (2017). Ethical climate and job attitude in fashion retail employees’ turnover intention, and perceived organizational sustainability performance: A cross-sectional study. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030465
[46] Lee, S. H., & Ha-Brookshire, J. (2017). Ethical climate and job attitude in fashion retail employees’ turnover intention, and perceived organizational sustainability performance: A cross-sectional study. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030465
[47] Lukman, N. H., Rosid, M. A., & Indah Kusumawati. (2022). EFFECT OF JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT TO TURNOVER INTENTION AT PT. ACS AEROFOOD. International Journal of Social Science, 2(2), 1431–1440. https://doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v2i2.3070
[48] Lukmansyah, J. F., & Turangan, J. A. (2021). Pengaruh Employee Empowerment Dan Psychological Contract Terhadap Turnover Intention Dengan Employee Engagement Sebagai Variabel Mediasi Pada PT BBI. Jurnal Manajerial Dan Kewirausahaan, 3(4), 1057–1065. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24912/jmk.v3i4.13501
[49] Maan, A. T., Ghulam, A., Tahira, H. B., Fouzia, A., & Saira, A. (2020). Perceived organizational support and job satisfaction: a moderated mediation model of proactive personality and psychological empowerment. Future Business Journal, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00027-8
[50] Mansoara, N., Puspaningrum, A., & Armanu. (2021). THE EFFECT BETWEEN ETHICAL CLIMATE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON DEVIANT BEHAVIOR THROUGH ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AS A MEDIATION VARIABLE (STUDIES ON CIVIL SERVANTS AT THE REGIONAL SECRETARIAT MANOKWARI REGENCY GOVERNMENT). South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 24(1), 108–123.
[51] Matande, M., Armanu, T., & Desi, T. K. (2022). The effect of perceived organizational support and transformational leadership on turnover intention of health workers at Hospital X Mimika Regency Papua. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 11(6), 218–228. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i6.1922
[52] Matrafi, M. (2024). The Impact of Social Exchange Theory on Employee Motivation and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Management (IJM), 15(4), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13305487
[53] Miftahudin, H. (2023, November 9). Kualitas SDM Rendah Jadi Momok Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja. Www.Metrotvnews.Com. https://www.metrotvnews.com/read/bJECaREj-kualitas-sdm-rendah-jadi-momok-penyerapan-tenaga-kerja
[54] Mitonga-Monga, J. (2018). Ethical climate influences employee commitment through job satisfaction in the transport sector industry. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2018.1426710
[55] Monteiro, J. J., Bortoluzzi, D. A., Lunkes, R. J., & da Rosa, F. S. (2021). The influence of the ethical climate on procedural justice and organizational commitment: The interaction of budgetary participation. Revista de Contabilidade e Organizacoes, 15. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982- 6486.rco.2021.174754
[56] Mual, R., Lewaherilla, N., Leuhery, F., Akuntansi, J., & Kupang, N. (2023). JOB SATISFACTION, COMPENSATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AS ANTECEDENTS OF TURNOVER INTENTION. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(4), 2023. http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi
[57] Naini, N. F., & Riyanto, S. (2023). The Influence of Perceived Organizational Support and Work-Life Balance on Turnover Intention Through Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Islamic Business and Management Review, 3(2), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.54099/ijibmr.v3i2.814
[58] Ngatuni, P., & Anneth, M. (2018). The Effects of Job Satisfaction on Employees’ Turnover Intention in Commercial Banks in Tanzania. The Pan-African Journal of Business Management, 2(1), 55–81.
[59] Nugroho, F. I., & Muafi. (2021). The Effect of Ethical Climate and Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention Mediated by Organizational Commitment. JBTI: Jurnal Bisnis: Teori Dan Implementasi, 12(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.18196/jbti.v12i1.10332
[60] Olawale, A. R., Jayeoba, F., & Adeoye, A. O. (2016). JOB SATISFACTION, TURNOVER INTENTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT. BVIMSR’s Journal of Management Research, 8(2), 102–114.
[61] Omer, A. H. (2018). LINKING EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT, EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION, AND EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE INTENTION TO QUIET AMONG SURVIVORS OF DOWNSIZING AND RESTRUCTURING. EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review - Peer Reviewed Journal, 6(11), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
[62] Otache, I., & Ele-Ojo, I. I. (2022). The relationship between job satisfaction, turnover intentions and performance of Nigerian polytechnic lecturers with doctorate degrees. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(2), 762–783. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-10-2020-0360
[63] Ozkan, A. H., Elci, M., Karabay, M. E., Kitapci, H., & Garip, C. (2020). Antecedents of turnover intention: A meta-analysis study in the United States. E a M: Ekonomie a Management, 23(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2020-1-007
[64] Pinnington, A., Farzana, A. M., & Zehui, A. (2024). The significance of general skills training for early career graduates: relationships with perceived organizational support, job satisfaction and turnover intention. European Journal of Training and Development, 48(7–8), 705–729. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-01-2023-0002
[65] Pratama, E. N., Emi, S., & Maidiana, A. H. (2022). The Effect Of Job Satisfaction And Organizational Commitment On Turnover Intention With Person Organization Fit As Moderator Variable. APTISI Transactions on Management (ATM), 6(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.33050/atm.v6i1.1722
[66] Purwantini, P., & Rahyuda, A. G. (2020). Work Satisfaction Mediates Perceived Organizational Support On Organizational Commitments. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 4(7), 312–319. www.ajhssr.com
[67] Putri, A. H., & Berlintina, P. (2024). The Effect of Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention through Person-Organization Fit at PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Tanjung Karang. Scientific Journal, Human Resource Management, 8(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.32493/JJDP.v8i1.44100
[68] Putri, D. L., & Pratiwi, I. E. (2024, May 21). Lulusan SMK Sumbang Pengangguran Terbanyak, Menaker: Selama Ini Memang “Jaka Sembung.” Www.Kompas.Com. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2024/05/21/093000865/lulusan-smk-sumbang-pengangguran-terbanyak-menaker-selama-inimemang-jaka?page=all
[69] Raza, H., Mahmood, J., Owais, M., & Raza, A. (2015). Impact of Employee Empowerment on Job Satisfaction of Employees in Corporate Banking Sector Employees of Pakistan. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci, 5(2), 1–7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329374870
[70] Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2019). ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR (Eighteenth Edition). Pearson Education.
[71] Romadhoni, Y. T., Noermijati, N., Moko, W., & Nazzal, A. (2020). THE EFFECTS OF JOB SATISFACTION TO INTENTION TO LEAVE. Journal of Applied Management (JAM), 18(3), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2020.018.03.01
[72] Rubel, M. R. B., Kee, D. M. H., Quah, C. H., & Rimi, N. N. (2017). Ethical Climate and Employee Turnover Intention in the Ready-Made Garment Industry of Bangladesh. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 36(2), 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.21770
[73] Ruiz-Palomo, D., León-Gómez, A., & García-Lopera, F. (2020). Disentangling organizational commitment in the hospitality industry: The roles of empowerment, enrichment, satisfaction and gender. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102637
[74] Saeed, I., Waseem, M., Sikander, S., & Rizwan, M. (2014). The relationship of Turnover intention with job satisfaction, job performance, Leader-member exchange, Emotional intelligence and organizational commitment. International Journal of Learning and Development, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v4i2.6100
[75] Satardien, M., Rukhsana, J., & Bright, M. (2019). The relationship between perceived organisational support, organisational commitment and turnover intention among employees in a selected organisation in the aviation industry. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 17, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v17i0.1123
[76] Sazili, Ju’im, Sri, I., & Riyanto, E. (2022). Turnover Intention Influenced by Work Environment and Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review, 5(6), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i6.291
[77] Serin, H., Zaid, R. Q., & Marven, M. M. (2022). Impact of job satisfaction on turnover intention among academic personnel of private higher education sector in Iraq: A case of Tishk International University. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 11(2), 402–413. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i2.1641
[78] Shafique, M. Z., Muhammad, Z. ud, D., Muhammad, T. N., Mohy, ud, D., & Rub, N. (2018). The Effects of Perceived Organizational Support on the Turnover Intention: A Case Study of Textile Sector. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(9), 547–558. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v8-i9/4637
[79] Sufyanto. (2024). PANORAMA HISTORY OF SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY SEJARAH PANORAMA TEORI PERTUKARAN SOSIAL: Kanal: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 13(1).
[80] Sugiarti, U. (2024, October 20). Job Mismatch: Tantangan Besar di Balik Tingginya Pengangguran. Ww.Goodstats.Id. https://goodstats.id/article/jobmismatch-tantangan-besar-di-balik-tingginya-pengangguran-CGERw
[81] Suifan, T. S., Diab, H., & Abdallah, A. B. (2017). Does organizational justice affect turnover intention in a developing country? The mediating role of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Management Development, 36(9), 1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-02-2017-0048
[82] Suwaidan, hassan M., Alsubaie, S. F., Nassani, A. A., & Aljarallah, K. A. (2022). The Impact of Organizational Support and Ethical Climate on Turnover Intention: Job Satisfaction as a Mediator. Arab Journal of Administration, 43(3), 0–0. https://doi.org/10.21608/aja.2022.140340.1252
[83] Tadampali, A. C. T., & Hadi, A. (2017). The Effect of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment On Work Engagement and Performance.
[84] Tang, Y., Yun, F. S., & Yi, J. C. (2019). Assessing the Mediation Mechanism of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Innovative Behavior: The Perspective of Psychological Capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02699
[85] Tarigan, V., & Ariani, D. W. (2015). Empirical Study Relations Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention. Advances in Management & Applied Economics, 5(2), 21–42.
[86] Tarigan, V., & Dorothea, W. A. (2015). Empirical Study Relations Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention. Advances in Management & Applied Economics, 5(2), 21–42.
[87] Thevanes, N., & Y, S. (2018). The Impact of Perceived Organizational Support on Job Satisfaction of Academic Staff. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 6(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2018/39809
[88] To, W. M., & Guihai, H. (2022). Effects of equity perceived organizational support and job satisfaction on organizational commitment in Macao’s gaming industry. Management Decision, 60(9), 2433–2454. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-11-2021-1447
[89] Tsen, M. K., Manli, G., Chee, M. T., & See, K. G. (2022). Does flexible work arrangements decrease or increase turnover intention? A comparison between the social exchange theory and border theory. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 42(11–12), 962–983. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2021-0196
[90] Wahyuni, D., & Muafi. (2021). Effects of workplace loneliness and perceived organizational support towards intention to leave mediated by organizational commitment. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 10(4), 01–16. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i4.1212
[91] Winarsih, T., & Fariz. (2021). The Effect of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment and Work Discipline. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(1), 1328–1339. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i1.1759
[92] Wong, Y. W., & Yui, T. W. (2017). The effects of perceived organisational support and affective commitment on turnover intention: A test of two competing models. Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management, 8(1), 2–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHRM-01-2017-0001
[93] Yakut, E., & Kara, E. (2021). Determining the role of employee empowerment and perceived organizational support in the effect of SHRM on job satisfaction and turnover intention. Ege Akademik Bakis (Ege Academic Review). https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.902277
[94] Yang, F.-H., Tsai, Y.-S., & Tsai, K.-C. (2014). THE INFLUENCES OF ETHICAL CLIMATE ON TURNOVER INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF EMOTIONAL EXHAUSTION. The International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 6, 72–89.
[95] Yasin, R., Namoco, S. O., Jauhar, J., Abdul Rahim, N. F., & Zia, N. U. (2021). Responsible leadership is an obstacle to turnover intention. Social Responsibility Journal, 17(8), 1175–1192. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-03-2020-0092
[96] Yukongdi, V., & Shrestha, P. (2020). The Influence of Affective Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Job Stress on Turnover Intention: A Study of Nepalese Bank Employees. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 9(1), 88–98. http://buscompress.com/journal-home.html
[97] Zamanan, M. S., Alkhaldi, M. H., Almajroub, A. S., Alajmi, A. D. S., Alshammari, J. M., & Aburumman, O. J. (2020). The influence of HRM practices and employees’ satisfaction on intention to leave. Management Science Letters, 10(8), 1887–1894. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.12.030
[98] Zengin, Y. (2019). The Effect of Ethical Climate on Job Satisfaction within the Context of Organizational Trust: A Research in Banking Sector. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(19). https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.578467
[99] Zhang, S., Jinpeng, W., Yongjian, K., Nan, L., & Zhenwen, S. (2024). Exploring the impact of job satisfaction on turnover intention among professionals in the construction industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-11-2023-1179

Keywords:

Turnover Intention, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Employee Empowerment, Perceived Organizational Support, Ethical Climate.