Citation:

Tapaswini Singhdeo. "Trends in Financial Inclusion across BRICS Economies" International Research Journal of Economics and Management Studies, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 108-115, 2026. Crossref. http://doi.org/10.56472/25835238/IRJEMS-V5I6P110

Abstract:

Financial inclusion serves as a crucial pillar of inclusive and sustainable development by enabling equitable access to affordable and formal financial services, alongside expanding essential human capabilities and economic freedoms. Against this backdrop of persistent inequality, financial exclusion, and digital divides within the major emerging economies, the study examines and compares trends in financial inclusion across the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) countries. Using a descriptive-analytical research design, the study relies on secondary data from the World Development Indicators (WDI) database. It evaluates four indicators capturing both the traditional and digital dimensions of inclusion: ATMs per 100,000 population (2006–2023), domestic credit to the private sector as a share of GDP (2001–2021), individuals using the internet (2000–2024), and mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people (2000–2024). Moreover, linear trend analysis is employed to assess the direction and pace of change over time and to enable cross-country comparison. Overall, the BRICS countries demonstrate substantial strengthening of financial and, particularly, digital inclusion, with China and Russia showing the most pronounced multi-indicator gains and India exhibiting steady improvements; remaining weaknesses in selected indicators for Brazil and South Africa highlight differentiated pathways and the continued importance of complementary institutional support, regulation, and efforts to bridge digital and structural gaps.

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Keywords:

BRICS Economies, Digital Financial Services, Economic Freedom, Financial Inclusion, Sustainable Development.